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  1. Submission Statement: The wording of NATO’s Article 5 on collective defense has remained vague since its establishment to address US concerns about military commitments to Europe. Although Article 5 obliges allies to respond if another member is attacked, it does not outline a specific military action. While the ambiguity of Article 5 has caused ongoing confusion about its interpretation, Clara Riedenstein highlights that it continues to play a crucial role as a deterrent for the alliance.

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